APPENDIX 1: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES OF ABNORMAL IN UTERO SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

ABDOMEN

Note: Items in bold represent most common diagnosis.

ABDOMINAL CYST OR FLUID COLLECTION

Dilated bladder

Dilated bowel

Hydroureter

Ovarian cyst (in females)

Renal cystic lesions, particularly ureteropelvic junction with anterior pelvis or pelvic dysplastic kidney

Adrenal cyst or hemorrhage

Choledochal cyst

Duodenal atresia, anal atresia, gut atresia

Enteric duplication cyst

Hepatic arteriovenous malformation

Hepatic cyst

Hydrometrocolpos

Liver cyst

Lymphangioma

Meckel’s diverticulum

Meconium pseudocyst

Mesenteric cyst

Rectal dilation

Sacrococcygeal (cystic) teratoma

Splenic cyst

Umbilical vein varix

Urachal cyst

ABDOMINAL WALL PROCESS

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Physiologic gut herniation (8 to 12 weeks’ gestation)

Limb–body wall complex

Umbilical hernia

Bladder exstrophy

Cloacal exstrophy (OEIS [omphalocele, exstrophy of the bladder, imperforate anus, and spinal defects] complex)

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Vesicoallantoic cyst

Urachal cyst

STOMACH NONVISUALIZATION

Diaphragmatic hernia (left sided)

Normal variant

Tracheoesophageal atresia or fistula/esophageal atresia

Microgastria

Central nervous system problems that prevent swallowing

Hiatal hernia

Facial cleft

Micrognathia

ASCITES (ISOLATED)

Renal obstruction

Trisomy 21

Meconium peritonitis

Fetal infections (especially parvovirus and cytomegalovirus)

DILATED STOMACH AND DUODENUM

Duodenal atresia

Normal variant

Annular pancreas

Antral web

Diabetic embryopathy

Gut malrotation

ECHOGENIC AREA IN ABDOMEN

ECHOGENIC MASS

Adrenal hemorrhage

Dysplastic second collecting system

Extralobar sequestration

Hepatic tumor

Neuroblastoma

Ovarian cyst with hemorrhage

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Fetus in fetu

ECHOGENIC BOWEL

Cystic fibrosis

Intragut or intra-abdominal bleed

Meconium in the third trimester

Normal variant at term

Trisomy 21

Intrauterine growth restriction

Fetal infections (cytomegalovirus)

Meconium peritonitis

CALCIFICATION

Normal variant

Fetal infections (cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis)

Gallstones

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