TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES A1 - Pilu, Gianluigi A1 - Malinger, Gustavo A1 - Ghi, Tullio A2 - Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E. A2 - Monteagudo, Ana A2 - Pilu, Gianluigi A2 - Malinger, Gustavo PY - 2017 T2 - Ultrasonography of the Prenatal Brain, 3e AB - KEY POINTSThe most frequent craniofacial malformations are facial clefts. Different varieties exist. These conditions can be corrected surgically with good results. However, they are frequently associated with other malformations and syndromes that may have a major influence on the prognosis.In expert hands, facial clefts can be accurately identified and categorized with sonography since early gestation. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) may be helpful, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be employed. However, the diagnosis is not simple, and indeed in standard sonographic examinations it is frequently missed.In addition to facial clefts, other craniofacial anomalies can be identified sonographically. The list is long and includes ocular anomalies, such as microphthalmia, cataracts, micrognathia, and craniosynostosis. However, the diagnosis is generally difficult and is hampered by their progressive development.Modern US equipment and 3D sonography in particular reveal many details of fetal craniofacial anatomy and may allow the diagnosis of even subtle dysmorphism. Evaluation of the fetal face is important in the assessment of fetuses with extracraniofacial anomalies because it may provide important clues to the diagnosis of syndromes.Craniofacial anomalies are also discussed in Chapters 2 and 7. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1138380910 ER -