TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Anomalies of the Midbrain-Hindbrain A1 - Krajden Haratz, Karina A1 - Pilu, Gianluigi A1 - Malinger, Gustavo A2 - Malinger, Gustavo A2 - Monteagudo, Ana A2 - Pilu, Gianluigi A2 - Paladini, Dario A2 - Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E. Y1 - 2023 N1 - T2 - Timor's Ultrasonography of the Prenatal Brain, 4e AB - KEY POINTSThere is scarce information regarding the diagnostic criteria of midbrain-hindbrain anomalies in fetuses; cerebellar malformations are better understood, although there are still many overlaps between entities, and the rate of misdiagnosis is still high.Brainstem anomalies comprise a heterogenous group of malformations and degenerative diseases of different etiologies. In contrast with the postnatal period, when abnormalities are mostly related to insults and vascular anomalies, during the prenatal period these anomalies are usually developmental and present different imaging features at different gestational ages.The 2009 classification of midbrain-hindbrain anomalies assorts brainstem anomalies to four main groups based upon genetic and embryologic criteria (Table 11–1).1Prenatal diagnosis is of utmost importance due to the high rate of neurodevelopmental impairment and the genetic implications of these entities.Dedicated neurosonography is the modality of choice for diagnosis in the first and second trimesters, with accurate characterization of features upon utilization of correct insonation technique. Fetal MRI is an important complementary tool for the assessment of these disorders, contributing significantly when ultrasound has poor technical quality, expert neurosonography is not available, or during the third trimester of pregnancy. SN - PB - McGraw Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/03 UR - obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1194720126 ER -