TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Craniofacial Anomalies A1 - Pilu, Gianluigi A1 - Malinger, Gustavo A1 - Ghi, Tullio A2 - Malinger, Gustavo A2 - Monteagudo, Ana A2 - Pilu, Gianluigi A2 - Paladini, Dario A2 - Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E. Y1 - 2023 N1 - T2 - Timor's Ultrasonography of the Prenatal Brain, 4e AB - KEY POINTSThe most frequent craniofacial malformations are facial clefts. Different varieties exist. These conditions can be corrected surgically with good results. However, they are frequently associated with other malformations and syndromes that may have a major influence on the prognosis.In expert hands, facial clefts can be accurately identified and categorized with sonography from early gestation. Three-dimensional ultrasound may be helpful, and magnetic resonance can also be employed. However, the diagnosis is not simple, and indeed in standard sonographic examinations it is frequently missed.Other craniofacial anomalies can be identified sonographically. The list is long and includes, among others, ocular anomalies such as microphthalmia and cataract, micrognathia and craniosynostosis. However, the diagnosis is generally difficult and is hampered by the progressive development of these conditions that frequently are still not present by the time the ultrasound examination is performed.Modern ultrasound equipment and three-dimensional sonography in particular reveal many details of fetal craniofacial anatomy, and in some cases may allow the diagnosis of subtle dysmorphic features. Evaluation of the fetal face is important in the assessment of fetuses with extra-craniofacial anomalies because it may provide important clues to the diagnosis of syndromes. SN - PB - McGraw Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1194721248 ER -