TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Refractory Pain During Labor Epidural Analgesia A1 - Ciampa, Erin J. A1 - Hess, Philip E. A2 - Hess, Philip E. A2 - Li, Yunping A2 - Kowalczyk, John J. A2 - Stiles, Justin K. PY - 2023 T2 - Obstetric Anesthesia: Quick References & Practical Guides AB - The majority of patients achieve effective relief of labor pain with a standard infusion of a low-concentration local anesthetic and opioid mixture with a patient-controlled bolus option; however, some patients present with refractory pain. Determining the underlying reason for refractory pain is critical to guide effective treatment, and most cases can be resolved with appropriate intervention. SN - PB - McGraw Hill CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1199674025 ER -