TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Cloacal Exstrophy
A1  - Bianchi, Diana W.
A1  - Crombleholme, Timothy M.
A1  - D'Alton, Mary E.
A1  - Malone, Fergal D.
PY  - 2015
T2  - Fetology: Diagnosis and Management of the Fetal Patient, 2e
AB  - Key  PointsArises  from  maldevelopment  of  the  cloacal  membrane,  which  prevents  migration  of  mesenchymal  tissue  and  impedes  normal  development  of  the  lower  abdominal  wall.Consists  of  exstrophy  of  the  urinary  bladder,  exstrophy  of  the  small  or  large  intestine,  anal  atresia,  hypoplasia  of  the  colon,  omphalocele,  and  malformed  genitalia.Incidence  1  in  200,000  to  400,000  livebirths.Associated  sonographic  signs  may  include:  large  infraumbilical  anterior  midline  defect  with  a  protruding  omphalocele,  absent  bladder,  narrowed  thorax,  distorted  spine,  sacral  myelomeningocele,  and  bilateral  clubfeet.  However,  a  correct  prenatal  diagnosis  is  rarely  made.Differential  diagnosis  includes  bladder  exstrophy,  omphalocele,  gastroschisis,  amniotic  band  syndrome,  myelomeningocele,  and  the  limb–body  wall  deformity.Management  of  pregnancy  should  include  MRI,  karyotype,  and  multidisciplinary  consultation  with  surgery,  urology,  endocrinology,  and  genetics.Delivery  should  occur  in  a  tertiary  center.If  the  fetus  is  genetically  male,  the  parents  should  be  counseled  about  the  potential  need  to  reassign  gender.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/18
UR  - obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1106398771
ER  -