RT Book, Section A1 Krajden Haratz, Karina A1 Pilu, Gianluigi A1 Malinger, Gustavo A2 Malinger, Gustavo A2 Monteagudo, Ana A2 Pilu, Gianluigi A2 Paladini, Dario A2 Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E. SR Print(0) ID 1194720126 T1 Anomalies of the Midbrain-Hindbrain T2 Timor's Ultrasonography of the Prenatal Brain, 4e YR 2023 FD 2023 PB McGraw Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260136166 LK obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1194720126 RD 2024/10/03 AB KEY POINTSThere is scarce information regarding the diagnostic criteria of midbrain-hindbrain anomalies in fetuses; cerebellar malformations are better understood, although there are still many overlaps between entities, and the rate of misdiagnosis is still high.Brainstem anomalies comprise a heterogenous group of malformations and degenerative diseases of different etiologies. In contrast with the postnatal period, when abnormalities are mostly related to insults and vascular anomalies, during the prenatal period these anomalies are usually developmental and present different imaging features at different gestational ages.The 2009 classification of midbrain-hindbrain anomalies assorts brainstem anomalies to four main groups based upon genetic and embryologic criteria (Table 11–1).1Prenatal diagnosis is of utmost importance due to the high rate of neurodevelopmental impairment and the genetic implications of these entities.Dedicated neurosonography is the modality of choice for diagnosis in the first and second trimesters, with accurate characterization of features upon utilization of correct insonation technique. Fetal MRI is an important complementary tool for the assessment of these disorders, contributing significantly when ultrasound has poor technical quality, expert neurosonography is not available, or during the third trimester of pregnancy.