RT Book, Section
A1 Pilu, Gianluigi
A1 Malinger, Gustavo
A1 Ghi, Tullio
A2 Malinger, Gustavo
A2 Monteagudo, Ana
A2 Pilu, Gianluigi
A2 Paladini, Dario
A2 Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E.
SR Print(0)
ID 1194721248
T1 Craniofacial Anomalies
T2 Timor's Ultrasonography of the Prenatal Brain, 4e
YR 2023
FD 2023
PB McGraw Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260136166
LK obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1194721248
RD 2024/04/19
AB KEY  POINTSThe  most  frequent  craniofacial  malformations  are  facial  clefts.  Different  varieties  exist.  These  conditions  can  be  corrected  surgically  with  good  results.  However,  they  are  frequently  associated  with  other  malformations  and  syndromes  that  may  have  a  major  influence  on  the  prognosis.In  expert  hands,  facial  clefts  can  be  accurately  identified  and  categorized  with  sonography  from  early  gestation.  Three-dimensional  ultrasound  may  be  helpful,  and  magnetic  resonance  can  also  be  employed.  However,  the  diagnosis  is  not  simple,  and  indeed  in  standard  sonographic  examinations  it  is  frequently  missed.Other  craniofacial  anomalies  can  be  identified  sonographically.  The  list  is  long  and  includes,  among  others,  ocular  anomalies  such  as  microphthalmia  and  cataract,  micrognathia  and  craniosynostosis.  However,  the  diagnosis  is  generally  difficult  and  is  hampered  by  the  progressive  development  of  these  conditions  that  frequently  are  still  not  present  by  the  time  the  ultrasound  examination  is  performed.Modern  ultrasound  equipment  and  three-dimensional  sonography  in  particular  reveal  many  details  of  fetal  craniofacial  anatomy,  and  in  some  cases  may  allow  the  diagnosis  of  subtle  dysmorphic  features.  Evaluation  of  the  fetal  face  is  important  in  the  assessment  of  fetuses  with  extra-craniofacial  anomalies  because  it  may  provide  important  clues  to  the  diagnosis  of  syndromes.