RT Book, Section A1 Bianchi, Diana W. A1 Crombleholme, Timothy M. A1 D'Alton, Mary E. A1 Malone, Fergal D. SR Print(0) ID 1106396010 T1 Fetal Intervention T2 Fetology: Diagnosis and Management of the Fetal Patient, 2e YR 2015 FD 2015 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 978-0-07-144201-5 LK obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1106396010 RD 2024/10/08 AB Key PointsThe range of interventional procedures continues to grow with refinements in criteria for treatment, technique, and instrumentation.Shunts work well to decompress thoracic fluid collections such as pleural effusions and cysts in congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM; formerly known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation [CCAM]).Shunts work less well for treating bladder outlet obstruction; despite restoring amniotic fluid, renal outcomes are often compromised.Balloon valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis remains an unproven therapeutic innovation aimed at preventing progression to hypoplastic left heart syndrome.Fetoscopic surgery has proven safe and effective in treating twin–twin transfusion syndrome as well as other conditions such as amniotic band syndrome.Intrafetal radiofrequency ablation has been shown to have fewer complications and better survival than fetoscopic cord occlusion in Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP).Open fetal surgery is an option in rare cases for hydropic CPAM, sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT), pericardial teratoma, and—depending on results of the MOMS trial—meningomyelocele (MMC).EXIT procedures are indicated for the management of compromised airways due to cervical teratoma, CHAOS, intrathoracic mass, and severe micrognathia.EXIT-to-ECMO may be beneficial in some cases of CDH or hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive or intact atrial system.